After that came the first silicon solar cell the theory for the laser digital communications communications satellites the first cellular telephone networks and the development of Unix and C, which form the basis for today’s most essential computer operating systems and languages. The transistor, invented at Bell Labs in 1947, is the building block of all digital products millions of them reside on the chips that power our phones and computers. It was where the future, which is what we now happen to call the present, was conceived and designed. Those students understood the value of “a knowledge of the things and methods of science” and the need to “bring to bear an aggregate of creative force on any particular problem.Follow the decades before the country’s best minds began migrating west to California’s Silicon Valley, many of them came east to New Jersey, where they worked in enormous brick-and-glass buildings located on grassy campuses where deer would graze at twilight. In a time before Google, Bell Labs sufficed as the country’s intellectual utopia. Jewett recruited Kelly, Harold Arnold, Harvey Fletcher, and other students of his friend physics Nobelist Robert Millikan. Around 1915, AT&T gave University of Chicago physicist Frank Jewett the task of bringing in technical experts to develop amplifiers for the vacuum-tube repeaters that maintain signal strength along transmission lines. But the role of scientific and engineering disciplines, such as physics and electrical engineering, in the pursuit of industrial innovation was only beginning to be appreciated. At the turn of the 20th century, during the era of great inventors such as Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell, executives at the American Telephone and Telegraph Co-later AT&T-began to recognize the need for a strong technical organization that could enhance its competitive position in the emerging area of long-distance telephone communications.
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